Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) overview:
------
Introduction.
-
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide involved in the regulation of sleep. It was first isolated from the brains of rabbits in 1977 by Swiss researchers. DSIP has been studied for its potential effects on sleep regulation, stress response, and modulation of various physiological processes. Despite its name, DSIP’s precise role in sleep induction and maintenance remains complex and not fully understood.
-----
Molecular Structure and Sequence:
-
Full Name: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
-
Molecular Formula: C35H48N10O15
-
Molecular Weight: 848.83 g/mol
-
Amino Acid Sequence:
Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu
-----
DSIP is a nonapeptide consisting of nine amino acids. Its structure enables it to cross the blood-brain barrier easily, which may account for its rapid onset of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
-----
Mechanism of Action
-
DSIP’s mechanism of action is not entirely understood but is believed to involve modulation of various neurotransmitter systems, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The following pathways are proposed to be involved in DSIP activity:
-
1. Interaction with GABAergic System
DSIP enhances the activity of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) in the brain, which promotes relaxation and sleep onset.
-
GABAergic modulation also reduces excitatory activity, leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects.
-----
2. Modulation of the HPA Axis
DSIP influences the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), reducing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion and thereby lowering cortisol levels.
-
This may contribute to stress reduction and improved sleep quality.
-----
3. Role in Sleep Regulation
DSIP increases slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduces sleep onset latency.
-
Its effects on REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep are less clear, but some studies suggest DSIP may increase REM sleep continuity.
-----
4. Endorphinergic and Adrenergic Modulation:
DSIP may enhance the release of endogenous opioids (endorphins), contributing to pain relief and mood stabilization.
-
It may also modulate noradrenaline levels, affecting arousal and stress responses.
-----
Physiological and Potential Research Applications:
-
DSIP has been studied for a variety of potential therapeutic roles, including:
-
Insomnia – Improving sleep initiation and quality.
-
Stress-related disorders – Reducing cortisol levels and improving stress response.
-
Chronic pain – Through interaction with endogenous opioid systems.
-
Alcohol and opioid withdrawal – Alleviating withdrawal symptoms via endorphinergic modulation.
-
Epilepsy – Potential anticonvulsant properties via GABAergic mechanisms.
-
Immune system regulation – Potential enhancement of immune response under stress.
-----
Pharmacokinetics
-
Administration: DSIP is typically administered via intranasal, subcutaneous, or intravenous routes in research settings.
-
Absorption: Rapid absorption due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
-
Half-Life: Short plasma half-life (~15-30 minutes) but potential prolonged CNS activity.
-
Metabolism: Primarily metabolized by proteolytic enzymes in the liver and kidneys.
-
Excretion: Excreted as metabolites in urine.
-----
Safety Profile and Side Effects
-
Research studies on DSIP have shown a relatively mild side effect profile, but known potential side effects include:
-
Mild drowsiness or sedation
-
Headache
-
Transient nausea
-
Fluctuations in mood or anxiety levels.
-----
**FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY. **NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
-
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is intended for laboratory research and investigational use only. It is not approved for medical, veterinary, or human use. The information provided is for scientific and educational purposes and should not be used to guide treatment or clinical practice. Misuse of this compound may result in adverse health effects.