SEMAX Overview:
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SEMAX is a synthetic peptide drug derived from the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment. It was originally developed in Russia for its nootropic (cognitive-enhancing), neuroprotective, and neurogenic properties. SEMAX has been studied for its potential to improve cognitive function, memory, learning, and to provide neuroprotection in conditions like stroke, ischemia, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has also been explored for its impact on mood regulation and stress response due to its effects on the central nervous system.
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Molecular Structure and Sequence:
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Molecular Sequence: Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro
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Amino Acid Sequence: MEHFPGP
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Molecular Weight: Approximately 893.98 g/mol
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Mechanism of Action:
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SEMAX acts through several complex biochemical pathways, including modulation of the melanocortin receptors, regulation of neurotransmitter systems, and enhancement of neurotrophic factor expression. Its primary mechanisms include:
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1. Activation of the Melanocortin System:
SEMAX is derived from a fragment of ACTH, which interacts with melanocortin receptors (specifically MC4R and MC5R) in the brain. This interaction enhances synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation.
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2. Upregulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF):
SEMAX increases the expression of BDNF, which is essential for the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. Elevated BDNF levels improve synaptic connectivity and facilitate cognitive processes.
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3. Modulation of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems:
SEMAX enhances the activity of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, leading to improved mood, motivation, and cognitive function.
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It increases the availability of dopamine and serotonin in key brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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4. Inhibition of Enkephalin-Degrading Enzymes:
SEMAX inhibits enzymes that break down enkephalins, which are opioid peptides involved in pain modulation, stress response, and emotional regulation. This contributes to SEMAX's anxiolytic and mood-stabilizing effects.
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5. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects:
SEMAX reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in neural tissues, protecting against ischemic damage and slowing the progression of neurodegenerative conditions.
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It also reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby preserving neuronal function under stress.
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6. Neurovascular and Ischemic Protection:
SEMAX has been shown to increase blood flow to the brain, reduce infarct size in models of stroke, and enhance recovery after ischemic events.
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Pharmacokinetics:
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Administration: Typically administered via intranasal or subcutaneous routes due to its poor oral bioavailability.
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Onset of Action: Rapid onset of effects within minutes when administered intranasally.
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Half-Life: Approximately 3 to 5 minutes in plasma, but its effects persist due to prolonged modulation of neurotrophic factors and receptor activity.
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Metabolism: Metabolized through proteolytic degradation into inactive fragments.
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Excretion: Primarily excreted through renal pathways.
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Potential Research Applications:
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SEMAX is currently under investigation for its potential benefits in several areas, including:
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Cognitive Enhancement: Improving memory, learning, and focus.
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Stroke Recovery: Reducing brain damage and enhancing functional recovery.
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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potential therapeutic effects in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other forms of cognitive decline.
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Depression and Anxiety: Modulation of mood-related neurotransmitters and stress response.
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ADHD: Enhancement of dopaminergic transmission may improve focus and attention.
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Neuroprotective effects in cases of head trauma.
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Safety and Side Effects:
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In animal studies and limited human trials, SEMAX has shown a high safety profile with minimal side effects. However, potential side effects may include:
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Mild nasal irritation (when administered intranasally)
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Headache
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Increased heart rate (due to dopaminergic activation)
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**SEMAX is sold strictly for laboratory and research purposes only. Not for human consumption. The information provided here is for educational and research purposes only. Misuse of this compound may result in adverse health effects. Researchers are advised to follow all applicable regulations and guidelines when handling and studying SEMAX.